APPENDIX O: Endnotes

https://safekidsthrive.org/
https://www.naesp.org/sites/default/files/resources/2/Principal/2004/S-Op6.pdf
https://www.reference.com/world-view/percentage-average-life-american-spent-school-b4bf5e983cdb6f65
https://safekidsthrive.org/
Basil J. Zitelli MD, in Zitelli and Davis’ Atlas of Pediatric Physical Diagnosis, 2018. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/child-sexual-abuse).
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Administration for Children and Families,
Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau. (2023). Child Maltreatment 2021Available from https://www.acf.hhs.gov/cb/data-research/child-maltreatment. (NOTE: In this edition, Chapter 7 focuses on racial and ethnic differences within child maltreatment data).
Finkelhor, D. (2009). The prevention of childhood sexual abuse. The Future of Children, 19(2). (http://unh.edu/ccrc/pdf/CV192.pdf).
David Finkelhor, Anne Shattuck, Heather A. Turner, & Sherry L. Hamby, The Lifetime Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse and Sexual Assault Assessed in Late Adolescence, 55 Journal of Adolescent Health 329, 329-333 (2014).
https://www.unh.edu/ccrc/resource/lifetime-prevalence-child-sexual-abuse-sexual-assault-assessed-late-adolescence
Darkness to Light, Child Sexual Abuse Statistics,
(https://www.d2l.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/all_statistics_20150619.pdf).
David Finkelhor (2009). The Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse The Future of Children, 19(2). (http://unh.edu/ccrc/pdf/CV192.pdf).
Snyder, Sexual Assault of Young Children as Reported to Law Enforcement: Victim, Incident and Offender Characteristics (2000), National Center for Juvenile Justice, NCJ 182990. (http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/saycrle.pdf).
Finkelhor, David; Ormrod, Richard and Chaffin, Mark (2009). Juveniles who commit sex offenses against minors. Juvenile Justice Bulletin – NCJ227763 (1-12pgs). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
https://scholars.unh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=ccrc
Ateret Gewirtz-Meyden and David Finkelhor (2019). Sexual Abuse and Assault in a Large National Sample of Children and Adolescents, Crimes Against Children Research Center, UNH. (https://www.unh.edu/ccrc/sites/default/files/media/2022-03/sexual-abuse-and-assault-in-a-large-national-sample-of-children-and-adolescents.pdf )
Collin-Vezina, et. al. (2015). A Preliminary Mapping of Individual, Relational, and Social Factors that Impede Disclosure of Childhood Sexual Abuse, Child Abuse & Neglect, Volume 43, May 2015, Pages 123-134. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0145213415000940?via%3Dihub)
Manay, N., Colin-Vezina, D. (2021) Recipients of children’s and adolescents’ disclosures of childhood sexual abuse: A systematic review, Child Abuse & Neglect
Volume 116, Part 1, June 2021. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0145213419303692)
Pérez-Fuentes G, Olfson M, Villegas L, Morcillo C, Wang S, Blanco C. Prevalence and correlates of child sexual abuse: a national study. Compr Psychiatry. 2013 Jan;54(1):16-27. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3518746/)
Massachusetts Department of Children and Families Annual Report for FY2022 (December 2022). https://www.mass.gov/doc/fy-2022/download
(https://www.mass.gov/doc/dcf-annual-reportfy2021/download?ga=2.200245546.582646129.1642524849-1577966823.1609852691) Felitti VJ1, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V, Koss MP, Marks JS., Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study (1998 May) American Journal of Preventive Medicine;14(4):245-58. (see: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9635069/) Carrion, V., Weems, C., Reiss, A. (2007) Stress Predicts Brain Changes in Children: A Pilot Longitudinal Study on Youth Stress, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and the Hippocampus, Pediatrics, 2007; 119:509. (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6474878_Stress_Predicts_Brain_Changes_in_Children_A_Pilot_Longitudinal_Study_on_Youth_Stress_Posttraumatic_Stress_Disorder_and_the_Hippocampus) https://www.iwh.on.ca/what-researchers-mean-by/primary-secondary-and-tertiary-prevention CDC (2019). Fostering School Connectedness: Improving Student Health and Academic Achievement: Information for School Districts and School Administrators (https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/21067). Wang, K., Chen, Y., Zhang, J., and Oudekerk, B.A. (2020). Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2019 (NCES 2020-063/NCJ 254485). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, and Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. Washington, DC. (https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2020/2020063.pdf) Irwin, V., Wang, K., Cui, J., Zhang, J., and Thompson, A. (2021). Report on Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2020 (NCES 2021-092/NCJ 300772). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, and Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. Washington, DC. Retrieved 12/29/21 from. https://bjs.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh236/files/media/document/iscs20.pdf NOTE: “Avoided school activities or one or more places in the school” includes avoiding any (extracurricular) activities, avoiding any classes, staying home from school, avoiding entrance to the school, hallways or stairs in school, parts of the school cafeteria, school restrooms, and other places inside the school building. Feeling Unsafe at School and Associated Mental Health Difficulties among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review (2021), Children (Basel). 2021 Mar; 8(3): 232. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8002666/ The Health and Risk Behaviors of Massachusetts Youth, 2019. (https://www.mass.gov/doc/health-and-risk-behaviors-of-massachusetts-youth-2019/download) NOTE: School policies in Massachusetts must be approved by the relevant school boards prior to implementation https://safekidsthrive.org/prevention-topics/policies-procedures/ https://safekidsthrive.org/prevention-topics/policies-procedures/whats-in-a-child-protection-policy/ https://safekidsthrive.org/prevention-topics/policies-procedures/sample-self-audit-form-for-ysos/ https://safekidsthrive.org/prevention-topics/policies-procedures/child-sexual-abuse-prevention-evaluation-tool-for-organizations/ https://safekidsthrive.org/prevention-topics/policies-procedures/sample-policies-and-procedures https://safekidsthrive.org/prevention-topics/sustainability/ https://safekidsthrive.org/elements-of-prevention/ Adapted from the National Crime Prevention Council’s “School Safety and Security Toolkit”: (https://www.ncpc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/NCPC_SchoolSafetyToolkit.pdf) and the Canadian Red Cross “Ten Steps to Creating Safe Environments for Children and Youth (2015): (https://www.redcross.ca/crc/documents/Where-We-Work/Canada/Yukon-%20NWT-%20Nunavut/Ten-Steps-Manual_English-PDF.pdf) https://safekidsthrive.org/prevention-topics/safe-environments/ https://safekidsthrive.org/prevention-topics/safe-environments/checklist-for-safety-checks-in-your-facility/ https://safekidsthrive.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/HYPERTEXT_Appendix-10_Ensuring-Safe-Physical-Environments-and-Safe-Technology_Checklist-for-Safe-Environment-1.pdf Saul J, Audage NC. Preventing Child Sexual Abuse Within Youth-serving Organizations: Getting Started on Policies and Procedures. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; 2007. Note: currently under revision to be released in 2022. (https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/preventingchildsexualabuse-a.pdf). Wang, K., Chen, Y., Zhang, J., and Oudekerk, B.A. (2020). Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2019, National Center for Education Statistics, Indicator 19: Safety and Security Practices at Public Schools (https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/iscs19.pdf) https://www.nasdtec.net/page/MCEE_Doc https://www.aaeteachers.org/index.php/about-us/aae-code-of-ethics For additional information, see Connect Safely: “Educators Guide to Social Media” (2017) by Larry Magid. (https://www.connectsafely.org/eduguide/) https://www.educationworld.com/a_tech/tech/tech055.shtml https://safekidsthrive.org/prevention-topics/safe-environments/safe-environment-strategies-technology/ https://safekidsthrive.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/HYPERTEXT_Appendix-10_Ensuring-Safe-Physical-Environments-and-Safe-Technology_Sample-Electronic-Communications-Policy.pdf https://safekidsthrive.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/HYPERTEXT_Appendix-10_Ensuring-Safe-Physical-Environments-and-Safe-Technology_Checklist-for-Safe-Environment-1.pdf https://safekidsthrive.org/the-report/key-sections/section-4-ensuring-safe-physical-environments-and-safe-technology/ https://www.bostonpublicschools.org/domain/2330 https://studylib.net/doc/7600565/responsible-technology-use-in-public-schools https://www.bostonpublicschools.org/Page/8352 https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleXII/Chapter71/section38r https://malegislature.gov/laws/SessionLaws/Acts/2012/Chapter459 Statutory guidance can be found on the DESE website “ Careful Hiring Practices and Reporting Misconduct to DESE — Reminder of State and Federal Requirements”, September 2020, (https://www.doe.mass.edu/lawsregs/advisory/2020-0914reporting-misconduct.html); “Advisory on CORI Law” (https://www.doe.mass.edu/lawsregs/advisory/cori.html); and “Criminal History Checks for School Employees” (http://www.doe.mass.edu/lawsregs/603cmr51.html?section=03). New eSori Portal: https://sorb.chs.state.ma.us/esori-portal/login.xhtml For definitions see: (https://www.mass.gov/service-details/levels-of-sex-offenders) https://safekidsthrive.org/prevention-topics/screening-hiring/ https://safekidsthrive.org/prevention-topics/screening-hiring/screening-toolbox-national-criminal-sexual-abuse-background-checks/ https://safekidsthrive.org/prevention-topics/screening-hiring/checklist-for-conducting-criminal-background-checks/ https://safekidsthrive.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/HYPERTEXT_Appendix-8_Screening-Hiring-and-Licensing_Sidebar-Questions-for-Screening-and-Selecting-Emploees-and-Volunteers.pdf https://safekidsthrive.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/HYPERTEXT_Appendix-8_Screening-Hiring-and-Licensing_Sample-Questions-and-Statement-of-Suitability-for-Employment-Volunteer-Applications.pdf https://safekidsthrive.org/the-report/key-sections/section-2-screening-and-background-checks-for-selecting-employees-and-volunteers/ https://safekidsthrive.org/the-report/section-specific-appendices/screening-hiring-and-licensing/ Physical boundaries and caregiving may change with the age of the child, and children with disabilities may need additional physical contact, but the standards of touch (public, appropriate, and non-sexual) do not change. See: “Guidelines for Interactions at Your Organization” on the Safe Kids Thrive website: https://safekidsthrive.org/prevention-topics/code-of-conduct/guidelines-for-interactions-at-your-organization/ Note: Appropriate touch can sometimes become inappropriate if a student is clear that any contact is unwanted or if the contact is repeated so often it becomes invasive. MA Regulatory Guidance on the use of physical restraint when warranted can be found at https://www.doe.mass.edu/lawsregs/603cmr46.html?section=all In situations where the response to a violation of the Code of Conduct appears discretionary, school counsel should also be involved in the discussion. Tips on monitoring behaviors, the role of staff, a checklist on monitoring documenting monitoring and reporting behavior: https://safekidsthrive.org/prevention-topics/monitoring-behavior/ https://safekidsthrive.org/about-us-skt/about-child-sexual-abuse/about-grooming/ https://safekidsthrive.org/the-report/introduction/other-warning-signs/ https://safekidsthrive.org/prevention-topics/code-of-conduct/ https://safekidsthrive.org/prevention-topics/code-of-conduct/getting-started-on-your-code-of-conduct-creating-a-risk-and-strengths-assessment/ https://safekidsthrive.org/prevention-topics/code-of-conduct/about-mission-statements-codes-of-ethics/ https://safekidsthrive.org/the-report/appendices/resources/child-sexual-abuse-csaprevention-evaluation-tool-for-organizations/ https://safekidsthrive.org/the-report/section-specific-appendices/code-of-conduct-and-monitoring/ https://safekidsthrive.org/prevention-topics/code-of-conduct/make-your-own-code-of-conduct/ https://malegislature.gov/laws/generallaws/parti/titlexvii/chapter119/section51a Advisory Regarding Mandated Reporting Responsibilities of School Personnel in Cases of Suspected Child Abuse and Neglect (October 2021). (https://www.doe.mass.edu/lawsregs/advisory/child-abuse.html) https://www.mass.gov/how-to/report-child-abuse-or-neglect Note that for DCF purposes, the term Human Trafficking is used as an umbrella term to include two allegations of abuse: Human Trafficking – Sexually Exploited Child, Human Trafficking – Labor. https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartIII/TitleII/Chapter233/Section20m https://safekidsthrive.org/prevention-topics/reporting/recognizing-abuse-neglect/ See 110 CMR, Section 2.00 (https://www.mass.gov/doc/110-cmr-2-glossary/download). Note that Massachusetts has no statutory definition of child abuse and neglect applicable to mandated reporters. DCF’s regulations indicate what DCF screens-in and investigates, not the full scope of what can be considered child abuse and neglect. When in doubt, call DCF and seek guidance. https://safekidsthrive.org/about-us-skt/about-child-sexual-abuse/what-is-child-abuse-and-neglect/ https://www.mass.gov/info-details/mass-general-laws-c119-ss-21#section-21- https://www.mass.gov/doc/human-trafficking-statutes-102018/download https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartIV/TitleI/Chapter272/Section53A https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartIII/TitleII/Chapter233/Section20m and https://malegislature.gov/laws/generallaws/partiv/titlei/chapter265/section50, and https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartIV/TitleI/Chapter265/Section51. National Center on the Sexual Behavior of Youth (https://ncsby.org/content/overview-and-definitions) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/index.html) https://malegislature.gov/laws/generallaws/parti/titlexvii/chapter119/section51a https://safekidsthrive.org/prevention-topics/reporting/ https://safekidsthrive.org/prevention-topics/policies-procedures/sample-self-audit-form-for-ysos/ https://safekidsthrive.org/prevention-topics/policies-procedures/child-sexual-abuse-prevention-evaluation-tool-for-organizations/ https://safekidsthrive.org/prevention-topics/reporting/dcf-what-happens-when-a-report-is-made/ https://safekidsthrive.org/the-report/section-specific-appendices/recognizing-responding-to-and-reporting-allegations-and-suspicions/ https://51a.middlesexcac.org/ https://mandatedreportertraining.com/massachusetts/ https://safekidsthrive.org/join-the-community/local-resources/ https://safekidsthrive.org/join-the-community/other-resources/ https://safekidsthrive.org/join-the-community/events/ https://www.childwelfare.gov/topics/preventing/prevention-programs/schoolbased/ https://safekidsthrive.org/prevention-topics/reporting/physical-and-behavioral-indicators-of-abuse/ https://safekidsthrive.org/prevention-topics/reporting/recognizing-abuse-neglect/ https://safekidsthrive.org/the-report/introduction/recognizing-abuse-its-effects/ https://safekidsthrive.org/prevention-topics/reporting/ https://safekidsthrive.org/prevention-topics/reporting/responding-to-direct-disclosures/ https://www.ncsby.org/content/overview-and-definitions Finkelhor, Ormrod, and Chaffin (2009). Juveniles Who Commit Sex Offenses Against Minors: OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulletin, (December 2009): https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/227763.pdf Gewirtz-Meydan & Finkelhor (2019). Sexual Abuse and Assault in a Large National Sample of Children and Adolescents. (https://www.unh.edu/ccrc/sites/default/files/media/2022-03/sexual-abuse-and-assault-in-a-large-national-sample-of-children-and-adolescents.pdf). Silovsky, J. F., Swisher, L. M., Widdifield, J., & Burris, L. (2012). Clinical considerations when children have problematic sexual behavior. In Handbook of Child Sexual Abuse (pp. 399–428). Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118094822.ch18 Shawler, P. M., Elizabeth Bard, M., Taylor, E. K., Wilsie, C., Funderburk, B., & Silovsky, J. F. (2018). Parent-child interaction therapy and young children with problematic sexual behavior: A conceptual overview and treatment considerations. Children and Youth Services Review, 84, 206–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.12.006 Chaffin, M. (2008). Our minds are made up–Don’t confuse us with the facts: Commentary on policies concerning children with sexual behavior problems and juvenile sex offenders. Child Maltreatment, 13(2), 110–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559508314510 Finkelhor, Ormrod, and Chaffin (2009). Juveniles Who Commit Sex Offenses Against Minors: OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulletin, (December 2009): https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/227763.pdf Christiansen, A. K., & Vincent, J. P. (2013). Characterization and prediction of sexual and nonsexual recidivism among adjudicated juvenile sex offenders. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 31(4), 506–529. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2070 Caldwell, M. F. (2016, July 18). Quantifying the decline in juvenile sexual recidivism rates. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 22(4), 414-426. doi: 10.1037/law0000094. https://ncsby.org/ https://ncsby.org/content/normative-sexual-behavior https://safekidsthrive.org/report-abuse/ CACs are child-friendly centers where a multidisciplinary team (MDT) of professionals offer a coordinated response to allegations of child sexual and severe physical abuse. CACs coordinate a single forensic (SAIN) interview to gather the information needed by each member of the MDT to successfully investigate allegations of abuse. https://www.doe.mass.edu/lawsregs/advisory/child-abuse.html http://commissiononsexoffenderrecidivism.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Interagency-Collaboration-EOHHS.pdf https://www.mass.gov/doc/adol-sex-offender-policy/download https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1KdPD12saP7GidxA4dWEqny0APfKKKp8F https://www.mass.gov/doc/early-impacts-of-an-act-relative-to-criminal-justice-reform-november-2019/download https://masoc.net/ https://safekidsthrive.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Youth-PSB-Report-2023.pdf https://ncsby.org/sites/default/files/responding_to_problem_sexual_behaviour_in_children_and_young_people.pdf https://sd83.bc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/11E.xii.1-Protocol-for-Responding-to-Sexualized-Behavior-in-Schools.pdf
https://militaryreach.auburn.edu/dr?id=24e05882-fd26-4057-a5e0-da22912f8ad8&rt=rs
https://ncsby.org/resources#tab-0-schools
https://safekidsthrive.org/about-us-skt/about-child-sexual-abuse/about-grooming/
https://safekidsthrive.org/the-report/introduction/other-warning-signs/
https://malegislature.gov/laws/generallaws/parti/titlexvii/chapter119/section51b (see subparagraph “m”)
During regular business hours (8:45 a.m.-5 p.m. M-F) call the Department of Families and Children (DCF) area office that serves the city or town where the child lives. Nights, weekends, and holidays dial the Child-at-Risk Hotline at (800) 792-5200.
https://www.mass.gov/doc/child-abuse-reporting-form/download
https://safekidsthrive.org/prevention-topics/reporting/how-to-report-child-sexual-abuse/
https://www.doe.mass.edu/lawsregs/advisory/child-abuse.html
https://www.doe.mass.edu/lawsregs/603cmr23.html?section=06
https://safekidsthrive.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/HYPERTEXT_Appendix-11_Recognizing-Responding-to-and-Reporting-Allegations-and-Suspicions-of-Child-Sexual-Abuse_Reporting-Child-Abuse-and-Negl1.pdf
https://safekidsthrive.org/the-report/downloadable-resources/
https://www.mass.gov/orgs/office-of-the-child-advocate
https://www.mass.gov/doc/dcf-protective-intake-policy/download
https://safekidsthrive.org/the-report/section-specific-appendices/recognizing-responding-to-and-reporting-allegations-and-suspicions/
Contact is mandatory if a child has died or has been sexually assaulted/exploited/trafficked or is the victim of serious physical abuse or injury.
https://www.frcma.org/
https://polarisproject.org/2020-us-national-human-trafficking-hotline-statistics/
https://www.missingkids.org/theissues/trafficking#bythenumbers
https://www.missingkids.org/ourwork/impact, and https://www.ecpatusa.org/statistics
https://www.missingkids.org/content/dam/missingkids/pdfs/CST Identification Resource.pdf
U.S. Department of Education, Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, Office of Safe and Healthy Students, Fact Sheet (2013) Human Trafficking of Children in the United States. (https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/oese/oshs/factsheet.html)
https://www.cfchildren.org/wp-content/uploads/policy-advocacy/policy-papers-csec-education.pdf
National Center on Safe Supportive Learning Environments. (2021b). School policies and protocols to combat trafficking. US Department of Education, Office of Safe and Supportive Schools. https://safesupportivelearning.ed.gov/human-trafficking-americas-schools/school-policies-protocols-to-combat-trafficking
https://www.mass.gov/doc/interagency-human-trafficking-policy-task-force-findings-and-recommendations/download?_ga=2.4037747.216696748.1647273021-1577966823.1609852691
https://www.mass.gov/info-details/commonwealth-anti-trafficking-task-force
https://www.mass.gov/orgs/massachusetts-office-for-victim-assistance
https://www.mass.gov/doc/human-trafficking-commercial-sexual-exploitation-of-children-services-by-county-printable/download
https://www.suffolkcac.org/what-we-do/seen/what-is-commercial-sexual-exploitation-of-children-csec
https://jri.org/training/finder/child-exploitation
https://www.mylifemychoice.org/
https://www.d2l.org/education/additional-training/child-exploitation/
https://nche.ed.gov/csec/
https://polarisproject.org/resources/human-trafficking-101/
https://traumasensitiveschools.org/trauma-and-learning/the-solution-trauma-sensitive-schools/
https://www.childwelfare.gov/topics/preventing/prevention-programs/schoolbased/
https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/pdf/5411.pdf/
https://www.nsvrc.org/publications/child-sexual-abuse-prevention-programs-children
https://www.childwelfare.gov/topics/preventing/prevention-programs/sexualabuse/
https://safekidsthrive.org/prevention-topics/training/
https://safekidsthrive.org/prevention-topics/training/training-program-design-checklist/
https://safekidsthrive.org/the-report/appendices/resources/child-sexual-abuse-csaprevention-evaluation-tool-for-organizations/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3968319/
https://childwellbeingandtrauma.org/ and https://www.mass.gov/news/office-of-the-child-advocate-and-umass-chan-medical-school-launch-state-center-on-child-wellbeing-and-trauma
https://www.nctsn.org/trauma-informed-care
https://www.childwelfare.gov/topics/preventing/evaluating/tools/
https://safekidsthrive.org/prevention-topics/sustainability/analysis-review-and-self-audits-collecting-data/
https://safekidsthrive.org/prevention-topics/training/incorporating-training-programs-into-organizational-culture/
Finkelhor, D. and Jones, L. (2006). Why Have Child Maltreatment and Child Victimization Declined? Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 62, No 4, pp. 685-716.
https://www.unh.edu/ccrc/resource/why-have-child-maltreatment-child-victimization-declined
Finkelhor, D., Saito, K., and Jones, L. (2022) Updated Trends in Child Maltreatment 2020: Crimes Against Children Research Center, University of New Hampshire. https://www.unh.edu/ccrc/sites/default/files/media/2022-03/updated-trends-2020-final.pdf
Child Maltreatment (2021). U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau. (2023). Available from https://www.acf.hhs.gov/cb/report/child-maltreatment-2021
https://safekidsthrive.org/prevention-topics/sustainability/
https://malegislature.gov/Laws/SessionLaws/Acts/2014/Chapter431
https://childrenstrustma.org/uploads/files/PDFs/Child_Sexual_Abuse_Prevention_Task_Force_Report.pdf
https://safekidsthrive.org/